Trace metals: Inputs, sedimentation and accumulation in San Vicente Bay, Chile

The present study deals with sediment dynamics affecting sediment-associated metal distributions in an embayment system experiencing pollution from coastal industries. Sedimentary metal content may originate from diagenetic processes of foundation rock on the bottom, allochthonous minerals from natural sources, and metals from industrial effluents along the coast. The study presents experimental estimations of quantities of metals entering the bay in industrial wastewater, measurements of metal content in particulate material captured in sediment traps, and metals distribution in surface sediments. Quantitative estimations of metals entering the system in industrial effluent showed the relation Pb Zn > Cu > Cr Ni > Cd. That of metals associated with particulate material from traps was Zn > Cr Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd and the abundance of metals in sediments was Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd. Finally, rates of bottom sediment accumulation are estimated in relation to the time of residence of water in the bay. The experimental data on sedimentation and sediment abundance were consistent with field observations on distribution and accumulation at sites of major sedimentation in this bay.     

Southern California's marine monitoring system ten years after the National Research Council evaluation

In 1990, the National Research Council (NRC) published two in-depth assessments of marine environmental monitoring effectiveness. The first of these, Managing Troubled Waters: The Role of Marine Environmental Monitoring, provided a national perspective and the second, Monitoring Southern California's Coastal Waters, examined the specifics of monitoring design and implementation in a densely populated, highly urbanized coastal region. The reports include explicit recommendations about the need for greater regionalization of monitoring efforts, supported by greater standardization of field, laboratory, and data analysis methods. They also identified the need for centralized data management and for greater flexibility in the language of standard discharge permits, flexibility that would permit discharge agencies to more readily participate in regional monitoring and research programs. Other recommendations identified a need for EPA and NOAA to focus on creating a national monitoring program structured as a network of coordinated local and regional efforts. Finally, the NRC emphasized the need for better reporting and for periodic review of monitoring's relevance to management concerns. In this paper, we use southern California as a test case to assess progress made in implementing the NRC's recommendations. We review progress made on each recommendation and discuss the features of the regulatory and management climate that contributed to or impeded this progress. We also consider whether, and to what extent, the NRC's recommendations remain relevant in the present context.     

A PROPOSED MODIFICATION TO REGULATION OF LAKE OKEECHOBEE1

ABSTRACT: The current Lake Okeechobee regulation schedule is two feet higher than previous schedules that were in operation during the early 1970's. Its implementation was in response to prolonged periods of drought that occurred during the 1960's and early 1970's and the large increases in consumptive uses that were projected, and are presently occurring in south Florida. The additional storage provided by the schedule undoubtedly helped prevent more severe water shortages during the record setting 1980–1982 drought. However, two environmental concerns associated with the present schedule surfaced in recent years with the return to more normal rainfall conditions. First, the present schedule allows frequent high water conditions to exist in the lake that appear to be stressful to the unique littoral zone habitat of the lake. Second, the allowable buildup of storage prior to the dry season, combined with the large required decrease in storage prior to the hurricane (wet) season, contribute to the need for large regulation releases to tidewater. These large discharges have undesirable impacts on ecosystems of the downstream estuaries. This paper presents an alternative schedule that better meets the needs of the estuarine habitats without negatively impacting the other objectives of managing the lake.     

潮白河冲洪积扇典型包气带剖面反硝化强度垂向空间分布规律

以北京市潮白河冲洪积扇区域为研究区,选取两个典型剖面(S6和S8),通过测定不同采样深度(0～10 m)包气带反硝化强度值,分析了包气带反硝化强度的垂向空间分布特征,并识别了包气带反硝化强度垂向分布规律的影响因素.结果表明,典型剖面上各包气带土样的反硝化过程NO_3~--N浓度经历了上升、下降、上升这3个主要阶段; S6和S8剖面包气带反硝化强度取值分别为0. 002 6～0. 018 5 mg·(kg·d)~(-1)和0. 001 7～0. 023 3 mg·(kg·d)~(-1),总体反硝化强度水平较低;剖面垂向空间的反硝化强度总体呈现"S"型变化趋势; S6和S8剖面包气带反硝化强度的主控因素包括黏粒、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐,并与以ACE和Shannon指数为代表的微生物多样性及反硝化菌亚硝酸盐还原酶基因nir K在一定深度范围内相关性显著.     

两种不锈钢在港口海水环境中的腐蚀行为和规律研究

目的研究304和316L不锈钢在我国不同港口海水全浸区浸泡不同周期后的腐蚀规律。方法进行港口海域实海全浸试验,利用三维视频拍摄、质量损失分析及图像处理等手段,对比分析不锈钢在青岛、舟山、三亚港口海水全浸区的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率、腐蚀深度和海生物附着面积。结果两种不锈钢表面以点蚀和缝隙腐蚀为主,304不锈钢表面还产生严重的隧道腐蚀。不同港口海水中,304和316L不锈钢的腐蚀速率均较低,316L不锈钢的耐蚀性优于304不锈钢。三港口海域不锈钢表面形貌的差异明显,三亚试样表面海生物附着最多,舟山试样表面附着大量泥沙,三亚港口海域不锈钢的腐蚀速率小于舟山港口海域。结论不同港口海水环境对不锈钢表面海生物种类及附着面积的影响显著,而不锈钢表面状态直接影响其腐蚀形貌。     

滨岸带水华堆积与消散特征及其营养盐效应

为了解滨岸带植被、地形等地貌要素对蓝藻水华堆积及消散过程的影响,在太湖滨岸带设置不同形式的围格和植被实验区,通过逐日监测水体叶绿素a（Chl-a）的消长过程及同步营养盐变化,研究夏季蓝藻水华在湖泊滨岸带堆积与消散特征和营养盐效应.结果表明,滨岸带的地形地貌及植被状况对蓝藻水华的堆积程度及消散过程影响较大,软围隔营造的滨岸带静水环境,以及不同植被所形成的不同滞水区,显著加剧了蓝藻水华的局部堆积,从岸边挺水和浮叶植被区到开敞水域对照区,蓝藻水华的堆积程度依次递减;近岸挺水和浮叶植被区蓝藻水华堆积最严重,堆积时间最早,持续时间长;蓝藻水华堆积对营养盐等水质指标影响极大,堆积严重时该区域Chl-a含量达到了457.42μg/L,总氮（TN）达到11.04mg/L,总磷（TP）达到1.32mg/L;橡胶围格内浮叶植物区藻类堆积程度与近岸区类似,而浮叶植物与沉水植物混合区藻类堆积程度低于单一浮叶植物区;水体围隔能够加剧蓝藻水华的堆积,没有围隔的浮叶植物区藻类堆积程度最低.在蓝藻水华堆积过程中,蓝藻细胞仍在继续增殖,水体Chl-a仍会明显增加,而同期的水体营养盐的增幅小于Chl-a,甚至随着藻类生长消耗及生态系统的脱氮效应,溶解态氮磷下降明显.蓝藻水华消散过程中,TN、TP与Chl-a同步下降,但藻体中的氮磷释放到水中,导致堆积区的溶解态氮、磷有所增加,显示出明显的营养盐效应.本研究定量刻画了蓝藻水华局部堆积并快速致灾的地形地貌要素特点,揭示了蓝藻水华的水质与生态效应,为科学评估富营养化水体蓝藻水华的生态灾害风险提供科学依据.     

陆面模式Noah-MP模拟地表热通量的物理过程不确定性分析

陆面过程中的热量交换对于确定生态系统中的水文循环、边界层发展、天气和气候至关重要,然而目前陆面模式Noah-MP对地表热通量模拟的偏差在-180~180 W·m^-2之间,为明确模拟不确定性来源,本研究基于FLUXNET全球热通量观测数据,在5种气候类型、9类下垫面系统定量评估了Noah-MP感热和潜热通量模拟的不确定性.结果表明：Noah-MP在不同类型下对感热和潜热通量模拟的平均误差主要分布在-80~10 W·m^-2和-30~10 W·m^-2之间,模型在气候类型为热带和干旱气候以及下垫面类型为草地、针叶林、落叶阔叶林的模拟误差最大.研究发现植被过程是热通量模拟不确定性的主要来源,其次是水文过程和土壤过程;其中动态植被模型（DVEG）是植被过程模拟的主导因子,其次是湍流输送过程（SFC）、冠层气孔阻抗（CRS）和冠层辐射传输（RAD）.     

基于瓦斯抽采效果的钻孔塑性区范围优化及应用*

为获得最佳瓦斯抽采效果,研究不同钻孔孔径与塑性区范围及抽采效果之间关系,基于弹塑性理论,采用Comsol软件模拟嘉禾矿2254底板巷上穿层钻孔周围煤体塑性区范围分布,修正塑性区半径理论推导公式,得到抽采钻孔混合流量、纯流量和浓度,分析钻孔周围煤体不同塑性区范围下瓦斯抽采效果。结果表明:钻孔孔径越大,塑性区范围越大,抽采钻孔卸压范围越大;若不考虑其他因素,钻孔孔径越大,瓦斯抽采效果越好;通过对比塑性区半径模拟值与计算值,修正塑性区半径公式,该公式适用于浦溪煤矿;随钻孔塑性区范围增加,钻孔瓦斯抽采流量逐渐增加,但瓦斯流量相对钻孔塑性区半径差变化率先增大后减小。研究结果可为提高矿井瓦斯抽采效果提供理论参考。     

沈阳东部生态功能保护区建设规划

综合调查分析沈阳市东部地区生态环境与社会经济概况,根据生态学原理与方法,应用遥感、地理信息系统和综合分析等手段进行生态功能保护区的规划,确定生态功能保护区的范围,同时对生态功能保护区进行一级分区和亚区分区及命名,并制定各类生态功能区的生态功能和保护措施,提出重点生态环境调控工程的规划建设,为合理保护自然资源、科学布局工农业与发展旅游产业提供技术支持,为区域可持续发展战略提供科学的理论依据,同时对开展小尺度生态功能保护区的规划具有一定的借鉴意义。     

不同生态带下盐城滩涂湿地土壤颗粒和矿物结合有机碳特征

通过对比不同生态带下盐城滩涂湿地表层土壤中颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合有机碳(MOC)含量与分布,探讨不同生态带下滩涂植被对土壤环境特别是土壤有机质组分分布及其累积的影响。结果表明:不同生态带的滩涂湿地表层土壤总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量分布规律为:芦苇地互花米草滩盐蒿滩光滩,反映了盐城滩涂湿地土壤由海向陆土壤质地由砂到粉砂,最后为粘土的变化规律;互花米草滩对土壤有机质有着比光滩和盐蒿滩更高的富集能力,芦苇地的颗粒有机碳(POCf+POCo)含量为4.17 g/kg,互花米草滩的POC含量为2.14 g/kg,远高于盐蒿滩(1.92 g/kg)和光滩(0.31 g/kg)。互花米草的引种从有机碳物理分级组分上改变了TOC的分配,有利于提高土壤中游离态颗粒有机物、闭蓄态颗粒有机物的含量以及占土壤有机碳的比例。该研究能够为沿海滩涂湿地碳存储和固碳潜力以及评价和保护湿地生态系统提供一定的科学依据。